1626
Jardin national des plantes
Jardin du roi
Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (Paris ; 1626-....)
En 1626, est fondé sous le nom de jardin du roi, à la demande de Guy Labrosse, médecin ordinaire du roi Louis XIII, un jardin de plantes médicinales, annexé à un cabinet de curiosités. Au XVIIIe siècle, par les soins de Buffon, l'établissement prend un développement considérable : on y rassemble des animaux vivants et des échantillons de toutes les productions du globe.
Le décret du 10 février 1793, donne le nom de Museum d'histoire naturelle au jardin du roi, en renouvelle l'organisation et y fonde l'enseignement de l'histoire naturelle, prise dans toute son étendue et appliquée particulièrement à l'avancement de l'agriculture, du commerce et des arts. Ce décret a été rendu sur le rapport de Lakanal, président du Comité de l'instruction publique. L'article 4 porte que " La Convention nationale, voulant consacrer l'égalité entre des hommes que l'Europe savante met sur le même rang, supprime la place d'intendant du Jardin des plantes et du Cabinet d'histoire naturelle". Les professeurs prenant le titre de professeurs administrateurs, et réunis en assemblée , nomment au scrutin un directeur choisi parmi eux. Toutes les questions qui concernent le Muséum d'histoire naturelle sont donc examinées et discutées par les professeurs. Le directeur, nommé pour un an et ne pouvant être continué que pour un an seulement préside l'assemblée des professeurs et est chargé de faire exécuter les décisionsde cette assemblée. Les enseignements en 1793 sont au nombre de 12. Lorsqu'une place de professeur est vacante, les autres professeurs nomment le savant qu'ils jugent le plus propre à la remplir.
En 1800, le ministre de l'intérieur, voulut placer au Muséum un directeur général nommé par le ministre, qui serait seul chargé de l'administration de l'établissement et de la correspondance avec le gouvernement. La place de directeur général fut proposée successivement à Fourcroy, à Lacépède, à Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu et à Cuvier. Tous refusèrent et soutinrent le mode d'organisation en cours. Sous le Second Empire, il fut aussi question de confier la direction du Muséum à un intendant. Les professeurs s'opposèrent aussi à cette tentative.
Sur le rapport de Victor Duruy, ministre de l'Instruction publique, le décret du 29 décembre 1863 est un compromis qui porte réorganisation du Muséum. L'exposé des motifs de la réorganisation est, en effet, rédigé en ces termes :
. ..sans troubler profondément l'ordre ancien, sans toucher aux vieilles et vénérables prérogatives de l'assemblée des professeurs, on peut faire trois choses utiles à l'Etat et au Muséum lui-même; trois choses qui donneront satisfaction aux réclamations légitimes des grands corps de l'État et à tout ce que nos idées modernes exigent pour le meilleur emploi des deniers publics, comme pour la bonnes administration d'un établissement unique dans le monde :
1° Donner plus d'unité et de force à l'action administrative en concentrant cette action, après les délibérations de l'assemblée , dans les mains d'un directeur, non plus annuel, ce qui est une autorité trop courte pour suivre des affaires à longue échéance, non pas perpétuel, parce qu'il importe que le Muséum ne reste pas, durant une vie d'homme, sous une même influence scientifique, mais quinquennal et choisi par l'Empereur sur une liste de trois noms présentés par l'Assemblée;
2° Soumettre à l'approbation d l'autorité centrale les délibérations de l'Assemblée, non pour donner au Ministre le droit d'une ingérence tracasière, mais pour qu'en toute affaire considérable il puisse , au nom de l'intérêt général dont il est le représentant statuer sur les délibérations de l'assemblée;
3° Instituer, par nomination ministérielle, pour la gestion économique (deniers et matières), un agent comptable, et pour le contrôle de cette gestion, pour la vérification des écritures et l'inspection annuelle du matériel dans toutes les parties du Muséum, une commission où entreraient nécessairement des membres du Conseil d'État, de la Cour des comptes et du Ministère des Finances. "
À partir de 1864, le directeur est nommé pour cinq ans par décret, sur une liste de trois noms présentée par l'Assemblée des professeurs, il est assisté par un suppléant nommé dans les mêmes conditions et pour la même durée. Les délibérations de l'Assemblée doivent désormais être approuvées par le Ministre. La gestion économique est confiée à un agent comptable et l'inspection du matériel est faite chaque année par une commisssion spéciale.
À la fin du XIXe siècle, le Muséum est réorganisé par deux décrets en date du 12 décembre 1891. Le directeur choisi parmi les professeurs en est l'administrateur délégué. Il est nommé par décret pour cinq ans sur une double liste de présentation comprenant chacune au moins deux noms, établie l'une par l'Assemblée des professeurs, l'autre par le Conseil du Museum. Il correspond seul avec le Ministre, a autorité sur tous les services et fait exécuter les règlements et les décisions ministérielles. Ses attributions sont les suivantes : il préside l'assemblée des professeurs, représente l'établissement, accepte ou refuse les dons et legs, passe les marchés et adjudications, vise toutes les pièces de comptabilité, porte à la connaissance du ministre toute infraction aux règlements et décisions ministérielles. Le Muséum compte alors les services suivants : · Secrétariat · Bibliothèque · Garde des collections · Garde et entretien des parties de l'établissement ouvertes au public · Police de l'établissement · Laboratoire des catacombes (étude des modifications subies par les animaux dans l'obscurité) · Laboratoire colonial (examen des questions de biologie appliquée intéressant les colonies). Un Conseil du Museum est institué auprès du Ministre : il est composé de 4 membres (dont le directeur) nommés pour six ans, par décret : Il se réunit sur la convocation du ministre. Il donne son avis : sur le maintien, la transformation ou la suppression des chaires, les créations d'emplois, les demandes d'augmentation de crédits ou de crédits extraordinaires, la désignation des prof intérimaires, le maintien en fonction des professeurs de plus de 75 ans. L'enseignement du Muséum est public de novembre à juillet et annoncé annoncé par voie d'affiches. Les professeurs occupent une chaire. Ils sont nommés par décret, sur proposition du ministre de l'instruction publique et sur présentations de l'assemblée des professeurs de l'établissement et de la classe correspondante de l'Institut. Outre l'enseignement, ils ont pour fonctions la conservation des collections et la direction des travaux de laboratoire. L'assemblée des professeurs est convoquée par le directeur. Elle nomme son secrétaire : elle délibère sur les programmes des cours et sur toutes les questions d'ordre scientifique , sur les règlements intérieurs, sur les missions des voyageurs naturalistes, sur les demandes de concessions et d'échanges de tout objet d'une valeur supérieure à 500 francs, sur le maintien, la transformation ou la suppression des chaires, sur les propositions de promotions ou d'augmentations de traitements, sur l'acceptation des dons et legs, sur le projet de budget et sur le compte administratif présentés annuellement par le directeur sur toutes les affaires renvoyées par le Ministre. Ses délibérations sont exécutoires après avoir été transmises au ministre avec avis par le directeur et avoir reçu son approbation.
En 1902, on y comptait 18 enseignements magistraux complétés par deux cours de dessins , un pour la représentation des animaux, l'autre pour la représentation des plantes.
Pour plus de précisions, consulter le site internet du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, rubrique Histoire.
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