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Haut-commissariat de la République française dans les provinces du Rhin

Corporate body | 14 octobre 1919 - 30 juin 1930 Identifier: FRAN_NP_009899
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France
Archives nationales

Date of foundation:

14 octobre 1919

Date of closing:

30 juin 1930

Alternative names:

Haut-commissariat français

HCF

France. Haut-commissariat français auprès de la Haute Commission interalliée des territoires rhénans (1919-1930)

PLACE

Place:

Wiesbaden

Wiesbaden (Allemagne)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Date:

30 novembre 1929 - 30 juin 1930

Note:

Siège du HCF

Place:

Coblence

Coblence (Allemagne)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Date:

14 octobre 1919 - 30 novembre 1929

Note:

Siège du HCF

Place:

Rhénanie

Rhénanie-Palatinat (Allemagne)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Date:

14 octobre 1919 - 30 juin 1930

FUNCTION

Function:

action gouvernementale

Function:

relations internationales

MANDATE

STRUCTURE

Note:

Le Haut-commissariat est d’abord l’ensemble des services français de la HCITR, dont les chefs de service siègent dans les comités interalliés qui préparent les décisions soumises à la HCTIR.

Services centraux à Coblence

• Cabinet du Haut-commissaire

Le Cabinet gère le courrier et les archives ; à partir de 1926 lui sont rattachés les services de presse et d’information, du personnel et tous les services annexes.

• Secrétariat général

Ce service qui dispose d’un bureau à Paris est plus particulièrement chargé des relations avec le ministère des Affaires étrangères et avec les différents ministères.

• Services financiers

Ils sont chargés de l’élaboration du plan financier de l’occupation, de la gestion financière des services français (budget, comptabilité, traitement du personnel, etc.), de la préparation et de la conduite du plan financier concernant le rendement des gages. Ils poursuivent en parallèle une œuvre de documentation financière par l'étude des questions intéressant les finances privées et publiques de l'Allemagne et la législation fiscale.

• Services économiques

Ils ont compétence sur toutes les questions intéressant le régime commercial et douanier en Allemagne et en France, ainsi que sur les questions contentieuses. Ils recueillent tous renseignements d'ordre économique intéressant les territoires rhénans occupés et plus généralement l'Allemagne, afin de les exploiter en vue des communications à transmettre aux départements ministériels ou des publications à faire paraître.

• Services juridiques

Ils sont chargés de l’examen de la législation et de la jurisprudence allemande, des litiges avec les juridictions allemandes, de la liaison avec les tribunaux militaires de l’Armée du Rhin.

• Service des affaires militaires et d’occupation

Appelé dans les premières années de l’occupation Bureau militaire, il est chargé de l’organisation du contrôle civil de l’occupation (nomination des délégués de districts et de cercles et contrôle de leur activité), de la centralisation des rapports de ces délégués et de l’établissement des rapports d’ensemble. Ce service est également chargé de la surveillance de l’activité des groupements politiques et paramilitaires et de la surveillance générale de la propagande allemande.

Au niveau local

• Les délégués

La zone d’occupation française comprend six délégations supérieures : les provinces du Palatinat bavarois et de Hesse et les districts prussiens de Wiesbaden, Trèves, Coblence et Bonn. Les délégués supérieurs ont autorité sur les délégués de cercles ; sur les soixante-douze cercles que comptent les territoires occupés, soixante-trois se trouvent dans la zone française. Les délégués sont supprimés en 1925 à la suite des accords de Locarno.

Services purement français

• Service de l’instruction publique

Il est chargé de l’organisation et du fonctionnement des établissements français d’enseignement primaire et secondaire, du Centre d'études germaniques, de l'École de commerce et de l'École d’agriculture ; il organise des cours de français pour les Allemands.

• Service de presse et d’information

Il s’occupe de la surveillance de la presse allemande et de l’organisation de la propagande française, de la publication de la Revue Rhénane éditée sous les auspices du Haut-commissaire français pendant l’occupation.

• Sections économiques

Dans les différents centres industriels et économiques, dix sections économiques, dites aussi SEF (sections économiques françaises), fonctionnent sous le contrôle du Haut-commissariat français, à Luxembourg, Ludwigshafen, Mayence, Trèves, Coblence, Bonn, Cologne, Krefeld, Düsseldorf et Aix-la-Chapelle. Ce sont des agences commerciales à la disposition des entrepreneurs français. Elles fournissent également des renseignements sur la situation économique et sociale et mettent en oeuvre l'action économique de l’occupation (sanctions économiques de 1921, préparation de l’occupation de la Ruhr). Les sections économiques sont supprimées en 1925 à la suite des accords de Locarno.

HISTORICAL NOTE

Historical note:

La convention d’armistice du 11 novembre 1918 contient déjà à titre de garantie contre une agression allemande l’évacuation des pays de la rive gauche du Rhin par les armées allemandes, suivie de leur occupation par l’ensemble des troupes alliées (française, belge, britannique) et des États-Unis, ainsi que des têtes de pont de trente kilomètres de rayon sur la rive droite, au niveau des principaux points de passage du Rhin (Mayence, Coblence, Cologne). Ces territoires doivent être administrés par les autorités locales sous le contrôle des troupes d'occupation des Alliés et des États-Unis. Celles-ci exercent le droit de réquisition ; leur entretien est à la charge du gouvernement allemand.

Le maréchal Foch, commandant en chef, qui a reçu par la convention d'armistice le pouvoir suprême en territoires occupés, crée un Contrôle général de l'administration des territoires occupés (décembre 1918) dirigé par Paul Tirard, dont le siège, primitivement fixé à Luxembourg, est transféré dans les derniers temps de la période d'armistice à Coblence. Il comprend six départements ayant respectivement en charge les affaires politiques et administratives, financières, industrielles, commerciales et diplomatiques, juridiques et législatives et sur place un réseau de représentants français – les contrôleurs – dans chacun des soixante-douze districts.

Les négociations entre les puissances alliées et leur volonté de créer un organisme administratif chargé de traiter les affaires civiles, davantage émancipé de l’influence prédominante du commandant suprême et où chacune des puissances alliées serait représentée, aboutit en avril 1919 à la création d’une Commission interalliée des territoires rhénans (CITR). Celle-ci est composée d’un représentant de chacune des quatre forces d’occupation ; Paul Tirard en est le président, tout en continuant d'assurer les fonctions de contrôleur général de l’administration des territoires rhénans.

Le traité de Versailles définit les conditions de l’occupation dans les articles 428 et 432, complétés par l’Arrangement rhénan signé également le 28 juin 1919. La rive gauche du Rhin, ainsi que des territoires sur la rive droite autour de Cologne, Coblence, Mayence et Kehl, doivent être administrés par les Français et leurs alliés belges, britanniques et américains pour une période de quinze ans. L’administration civile allemande conserve ses prérogatives, mais est placée sous le contrôle et la direction d’une commission interalliée en qualité de représentation souveraine des forces d’occupation. La CITR se transforme en Haute Commission interalliée des territoires rhénans (HCITR) et les quatre membres de la CITR deviennent hauts-commissaires. Pour la France, c’est Paul Tirard qui est nommé, par décret du 14 octobre 1919, Haut-commissaire de la République française et président de la HCITR.

Le décret du 25 novembre 1919 fixe les attributions du haut-commissaire français dans les provinces du Rhin. Placé sous l’autorité du ministère des Affaires étrangères, il centralise les questions relatives à la rive gauche du Rhin et correspond avec le ministre des Affaires étrangères qui transmet sa correspondance aux ministères concernés. Sont placés sous sa responsabilité les organes, commissions ou fonctionnaires chargés dans les territoires occupés des questions relatives à l’administration ou à la vie économique du territoire.

La France qui a la zone d’occupation la plus étendue (elle s’accroît en 1923 avec l’absorption de la zone américaine) est considérée comme le principal occupant. Afin de maintenir l’unité entre les Alliés, de favoriser le rapprochement intellectuel et économique franco-rhénan, et dans le cadre d’une politique d’influence à long terme encourageant l’autonomisme rhénan, elle crée différents services français qui représentent près d’un millier d’agents en 1921.

À la suite des accords de Locarno dits pacte de stabilité ou pacte rhénan (octobre 1925), entre l'Allemagne d'une part, la Belgique, la France, la Grande-Bretagne et l'Italie d'autre part, qui garantissent les frontières occidentales de l’Allemagne, une liquidation partielle des services du Haut-commissariat est opérée le 31 décembre 1925. Les sections économiques et les délégués des cercles sont supprimés, les services sont réorganisés, des licenciements réduisent les effectifs à moins de deux cents agents en 1926.

L'évacuation des territoires occupés est réglée par les négociations de La Haye en août 1929. Elle se produit en 1930, soit cinq ans avant le terme ultime fixé par le traité de Versailles.

L'évacuation de Coblence par les troupes françaises a lieu le 30 novembre 1929, le siège de la HCITR et du Haut-commissariat est alors transféré à Wiesbaden. Le dernier acte est l'évacuation de Wiesbaden et de Mayence, quartier général de l’Armée française du Rhin, le 30 juin 1930.


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This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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