1936
2006
Office national interprofessionnel des céréales (ONIC)
ONIC
France. Ministère de l'Agriculture. Office national interprofessionnel des céréales (1936-2006)
Créé par la loi du 15 août 1936, l’Office national interprofessionnel du blé (ONIB) est un établissement public à caractère interprofessionnel placé sous la double tutelle du ministère des Finances et du ministère de l’Agriculture. Ses différentes instances réunissent des représentants des producteurs, des transformateurs et des consommateurs.
La création de l’ONIB a pour objectif la régulation des cours du blé, céréale emblématique de l’alimentation des Français, dont le prix connaît d’importantes fluctuations à partir des années 1920 en raison d’une surproduction mondiale, et ce, malgré plusieurs mesures protectionnistes. Cette situation mécontente les agriculteurs, les commerçants et les consommateurs.
En outre, le paysage céréalier est en cours de recomposition : les grands producteurs de blé se regroupent en association à partir de mai 1924 (Association générale des producteurs de blé) pour préserver leurs intérêts, alors que le nombre de coopératives agricoles augmente fortement et que de grands groupes meuniers se constituent (comme les grands moulins de Pantin, de Paris ou de Strasbourg). Les tensions entre les différents acteurs ne cessent de s’exacerber pendant toute la période de l’après Première Guerre mondiale.
Les réticences à créer un organe administratif compétent quant à la fixation des tarifs du blé et aux quantités produites sont grandes, les opposants ne cessent de brandir la nécessité du libre échange. Mais le principe d’un office finit par aboutir en 1936. Les premières mesures de régulation sont la fixation du prix du blé et l’attribution du monopole de l’importation et de l’exportation du blé et de ses produits (farine, semoule, etc.) à l’ONIB.
Le prix du blé est alors fixé selon le prix de revient de la culture du blé .
L’ONIB est alors administré par un conseil central composé de représentants des producteurs de blé, des consommateurs, de la meunerie, des industries mettant en œuvre les blés durs, de la boulangerie et du commerce, de l’État.
Le directeur de l’ONIB est nommé et révoqué par décret pris sur proposition du ministre de l’Agriculture.
Au conseil central est adjoint le conseil d’administration qui est composé de treize membres choisis parmi les membres du conseil central.
Le conseil central et le conseil d’administration fixent le prix du blé, s’occupent des questions relatives au recouvrement des taxes, à la comptabilité des organismes stockeurs, à la répartition des stocks de blé ou encore à la détermination des surfaces à emblaver.
À ce conseil central et ce conseil d’administration s’ajoutent des comités départementaux chargés d’élaborer des propositions sur les mesures permettant la régularisation des cours et l’organisation de la production de céréales, de recueillir les déclarations de récoltes, stocks de blé et de farine, superficies des terres ensemencées et de répartir les ventes de blé à la meunerie. Ces comités sont composés des mêmes types de membres que le comité central, mais propres à chaque département.
Dans le contexte de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de ses restrictions, l’ONIB devient ONIC par la loi du 17 novembre 1940. Ses compétences sont étendues à l’ensemble des céréales et l’établissement devient un rouage important du ravitaillement des Français. L’ONIC conserve le monopole de l’importation et de l’exportation des céréales et son rôle de régulateur des prix, auxquels s’ajoute la délicate mission de répartition des matières premières selon les besoins des utilisateurs et des consommateurs.
Par ailleurs, la loi du 17 novembre 1940 revoit l’organisation de l’ONIC. Le conseil central et le conseil d’administration sont dissous, leurs attributions sont exercées par le président de l’ONIC assisté d’un comité de gestion interprofessionnel de onze membres représentant les différentes professions auxquels s’ajoutent des représentants de l’État, tous sont désignés par le secrétaire d’État à l’Agriculture et par le secrétaire d’État au Ravitaillement.
L’ordonnance du 21 décembre 1944 élargit le conseil à quarante membres.
De 1944 à 1953, l’ONIC doit gérer les pénuries et le rationnement, notamment en raison de faibles récoltes.
Le décret 53-975 du 30 septembre 1953 (dit « Plan céréalier ») réinstaure un conseil central de quarante-deux membres et un comité permanent de quinze membres. Le conseil central se réunit en session ordinaire deux fois par an. Il peut aussi être convoqué en session extraordinaire. Le comité permanent se réunit aussi souvent que nécessaire.
Le conseil central délibère sur les questions de production, de stockage, d’échanges, de transformation et de fixation du prix des céréales, sur les questions relatives au contrôle des décisions des comités départementaux.
Le comité permanent peut se suppléer au comité central sur toutes les décisions, à l’exception de la fixation des prix, du taux des taxes et des cotisations et de l’établissement du programme général d’équilibre des ressources et des besoins.
Le prix des céréales est désormais fixé par une méthode indiciaire et non selon un prix de revient comme auparavant. En outre, l’office est chargé de constituer un stock de blé pour pallier les mauvaises récoltes et ainsi permettre les exportations prévues et stabiliser les cours, il est également chargé de constituer un stock spécial de sécurité. L’accent est également mis sur l’augmentation de la productivité de la culture des céréales et sur la mise à disposition des produits qui en sont issus aux consommateurs. Si le prix du blé reste fixé par décret chaque année, les prix des autres céréales sont libres, à l’exception du riz et du maïs.
La période de la construction européenne qui suit ainsi que le contexte de développement exponentiel de la production mondiale rendent l’expérience de l’ONIC précieuse. En effet, l’office inspire les premières années de la politique agricole commune (PAC). Il est d’ailleurs désigné comme organisme d’intervention pour la PAC en matière de céréales par le décret du 27 juillet 1962 et assure la liaison avec le fonds européen d’orientation et de garantie agricole (FEOGA). L’ONIC perd alors la mission de fixation du prix du blé, le monopole du commerce extérieur et la régulation des cours. Le marché unique des céréales entre en vigueur à compter du 1er juillet 1967. Jusqu’en 1990, les volumes produits vont croissant et les excédents s’accumulent.
L’ONIC est érigé en établissement à caractère industriel et commercial (EPIC) en 1986. Son rôle de liaison auprès des différentes instances européennes est réaffirmé ainsi que son rôle d’inspection des opérations menées dans le cadre de la réglementation communautaire. Toutefois, la transformation de l’ONIC en EPIC s’accompagne de la suppression des sections départementales.
Les décrets du 29 décembre 1998 et du 23 juin 2004 intègrent fonctionnellement le fonds d’intervention et de régularisation du marché du sucre (FIRS) et l’office national interprofessionnel des oléagineux, protéagineux et cultures textiles (ONIOL) à l’ONIC.
La loi d’orientation agricole du 5 janvier 2006 fusionne définitivement l’ONIC avec ces deux offices, créant ainsi l’Office national interprofessionnel des grandes cultures (ONIGC). Cette transformation est concomitante à la création d’autres offices spécifiques à chaque grande famille de produits, comme l’Office national interprofessionnel de l’élevage et de ses produits. L’objectif de la création de ces offices par la fusion de plusieurs offices spécialisés préexistants est de renforcer la compétitivité des entreprises et ainsi améliorer les revenus des différents acteurs.
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