1944
1986
Inspection générale de la Construction
Inspection générale de l'Équipement
France. Ministère de l'Équipement. Inspection générale de l'Équipement et de l'Environnement (1944-1986)
Jusqu’en 1986, l’Inspection générale se subdivise en trois types d’inspection ayant des attributions précises :
- L’inspection générale de gestion dont la compétence s’étend à l’ensemble du territoire. Celle-ci est chargée du contrôle général des services et de la régularité des opérations menées par ces derniers, en matière administrative, financière et comptable ;
- Les inspections générales territoriales confiées à un ou deux inspecteurs, chargées de veiller à l’application des directives ministérielles, au contrôle des organismes extérieurs et des organismes subordonnés ;
- Les missions spécialisées d’inspection portant sur un secteur d’activité.
Chaque type d’inspection fait l’objet de la rédaction de différents documents : le rapport annuel et les rapports d’inspection ayant pour objet de renseigner le ministre sur la marche des services et l’application des instructions générales, le rapport d’enquête, à la demande du ministre ou de son cabinet afin de signaler les abus, le rapport d’étude afin de proposer toutes mesures susceptibles d’améliorer et de simplifier l’organisation et le fonctionnement des services, de porter des avis et des propositions.
L’IG dispose d’un comité chargé d’élaborer les directives et de dégager les conclusions des travaux des inspecteurs. Ce comité peut proposer au ministre des mesures visant à améliorer la législation et réglementation en vigueur ainsi que de nouvelles organisations et fonctionnement des services.
« Les inspections générales constituent une source de premier ordre pour l’étude de la politique d’un ministère, des activités des services relevant de sa compétence, de la vie administrative, des rapports entre administration et administrés et de l’histoire locale ; sans oublier l’intérêt que présente la conservation de certains dossiers sur le plan technique. » - Isabelle RICHEFORT, Les inspections générales et leurs archives de 1940 à 1980 -
Évolution des missions de l'Inspection générale entre 1945 et 1978
L’Inspection générale (l’IG) apparaît dès 1945 dans l’organigramme administratif du ministère de la Reconstruction et de l’Urbanisme (MRU). Représentante directe de l’autorité politique, sa création est justifiée par la multiplication des procédures administratives et l’importance des crédits publics distribués. L’exécution des lois et l’efficacité des aides exige en effet un contrôle de leur respect.
L’Inspection générale remplit, au début de son existence, des missions d’ordre général. Celles-ci sont basées essentiellement sur la vérification du bon fonctionnement des services de l’échelon central ainsi que des services et organismes extérieurs. Il en va ainsi des délégations départementales à la Reconstruction ou bien des associations syndicales de remembrement et de reconstruction. Elle propose toutes mesures destinées à simplifier et à améliorer leur organisation.
À partir de la publication du décret n° 46-1344 du 6 juin 1946 portant organisation de l’Inspection générale du MRU, les missions de celle-ci s’enrichissent. En plus de celles liées au contrôle général des services, l’IG est chargée du contrôle de l’exécution budgétaire, du contrôle de la passation et du règlement des marchés passés par les services de la reconstruction, du contrôle des organismes HLM dès 1952. L’IG veille également à l’application des textes législatifs et réglementaires qui régissent le fonctionnement de l’administration centrale, des services extérieurs, et tous organismes rattachés au MRU. Elle peut enfin assurer des enquêtes administratives et des missions spéciales.
Progressivement, les services du ministère consacrent une part moins importante à la reconstruction et l'on assiste à une réorientation des tâches. Le décret n° 63-1313 du 24 décembre 1963, relatif au statut particulier du corps de l’IG du ministère de la Construction, précise qu’indépendamment des fonctions habituelles, l’IG peut être chargée d’animer, dans les circonscriptions d’action régionale, la politique d’aménagement foncier, d’urbanisme, de construction et d’habitation.
L'élargissement des missions de l'Inspection générale au domaine de l'environnement, à partir de 1979
Après la création d’un ministère de l’Environnement et du Cadre de vie en 1978, l’IG de l’Équipement élargit son champ d’action et prend le nom d’Inspection générale de l’Équipement et de l’Environnement – IGEE - (décret n° 79-589 du 2 juillet 1979). À ce titre, une mission spécialisée de l’environnement et de la qualité de la vie est créée (arrêté ministériel du 3 août 1979), chargée d’inspecter les activités des services extérieurs en matière de protection et de mise en valeur du patrimoine naturel et des milieux, de prévention et de traitement des atteintes à l’environnement.
L’IGEE peut remplir également les mêmes missions auprès du ministre des Transports « à l’exclusion de celles qui sont confiées aux inspections générales auprès du ministre des Transports. » - art. X du décret.
Lorsqu’en 1981, l’Équipement et l’Environnement sont de nouveau scindés en deux ministères, l’IG de l’Équipement est mis en tant que de besoin à la disposition du ministère de l’Environnement pour l’exercice de ses attributions (décret n° 81-648 du 5 juin 1981 ; décret n° 84-753 du 2 août 1984 ; décret n° 85-1384 du 23 décembre 1985).
Le rapprochement de l’Inspection générale avec le Conseil général des ponts et chaussées et son absorption en 1986
Plusieurs décrets vont préciser les liens de plus en plus prégnants entre l’IG de la Construction et cette autre institution majeure qu’est le Conseil général des ponts et chaussées (CGPC). La fusion en 1966 des ministères de la Construction et des Travaux publics favorise cela. Ainsi, le vice-président du CGPC est le chef de l’Inspection générale (décret n° 72-1259 du 22 décembre 1972) et une très grande partie des membres de l’IG de l’Équipement sont inspecteurs généraux des Ponts et Chaussées, eux-mêmes appartenant au CGPC. D’autre part, le Conseil devient « compétent en matière d’aménagement foncier, d’urbanisme, de génie civil, de construction, de logement, d’hydraulique, de transport, de tourisme et plus généralement, pour toutes les questions qu’ont à traiter, pour les divers ministères, les services de l’Équipement ou tous les fonctionnaires des corps supérieurs gérés par le ministère de l’aménagement du territoire, de l’Équipement, du Logement et du Tourisme, ou qui concernent ces services ou ces corps ».
Au fur et à mesure des années, si l’on excepte les activités strictes d’inspection et les affaires soumises à la délibération du CGPC, les études, les réflexions d’ordre général sont confiées indistinctement à des membres du conseil ou de l’IG, aux missions spécialisées de l’IG ou à des groupes de travail rattachés au CGPC.
En juin 1986, M. Mayet, vice-président du CGPC, formule des propositions d’organisation au ministre, autour de quelques principes simples : une institution unique et la fusion de toutes les activités générales et spécialisées menées par l’IG aux différentes sections du Conseil (urbanisme, transports, marchés et travaux, génie civil et bâtiment), ceci afin que les informations recueillies soient sources de réflexion collective au sein du CGPC. À cela s’ajoute la mise en place d’une douzaine de missions d’inspection générale territoriale ayant vocation à contrôler le fonctionnement des services et enfin le maintien de quatre missions spécialisées sur l’environnement, les transports terrestres, les HLM, et les ouvrages d’art.
Un décret puis un arrêté vont entériner ces propositions :
- L’article 4 du décret n° 86-1175 du 31 octobre 1986 précise que « l’Inspection générale de l’Équipement et de l’Environnement est assurée par des formations constituées au sein du Conseil général des ponts et chaussées et groupant les membres du Conseil investis d’une mission permanente d’Inspection générale ».
- Un arrêté du 6 janvier 1987 réorganise les sections du CGPC suivant les préconisations faites quelques mois auparavant par le vice-président du Conseil.
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