7 janvier 1971
15 mai 2007
France. Ministère délégué auprès du Premier ministre, chargé de la Protection de la nature et de l’Environnement
France. Ministère de la Protection de la nature et de l’Environnement
France. Secrétariat d’État chargé de l’Environnement
France. Ministère de la Qualité de la vie
France. Ministère de la Culture et de l’Environnement
France. Secrétariat d’État chargé de l’Environnement
France. Secrétariat d'Etat, auprès du Premier ministre, chargé de l'Environnement et de la Qualité de la vie
France. Secrétaire d'Etat auprès du Premier ministre, chargé de l'Environnement
France. Ministère délégué chargé de l'Environnement et de la Prévention des risques technologiques et naturels majeurs
France. Ministère de l'Aménagement du territoire et de l'Environnement
France. Secrétaire d'Etat auprès du Premier ministre, chargé de l'Environnement et de la Prévention des risques technologiques et naturels majeurs
France. Ministère de l'Écologie et du Développement durable
France. Ministère de l'Environnement (1971-2007)
La genèse du ministère de l’Environnement (1971-1978)
La création d’un ministère (1971-1974)
Le président de la République Georges Pompidou décide de créer, le 7 janvier 1971, un ministère chargé de l’Environnement.
Jusqu’à cette période les problèmes de l’environnement étaient gérés par plusieurs ministères, dans la limite de leur compétence, et la DATAR coordonnait leurs activités. Des actions d’envergure avaient été entreprises ; la lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique, marquée par la loi de 1961, la politique de l’eau amorcée en 1961 et consacrée par la loi de 1964, et celle des parcs naturels par la loi de 1960 et le décret de 1967 en sont des exemples caractéristiques.
En octobre 1969, le gouvernement décide d’élargir son action. C’est pourquoi il fait préparer par 14 ministères, et sous l’impulsion du ministre chargé du Plan et de l’Aménagement du territoire, un premier programme de mesures qui embrasse les problèmes de l’environnement dans leur ensemble : lutte conte les pollutions, protection de la nature, amélioration des paysages urbains et ruraux. Le conseil des ministres adopte ce programme des « cent mesures » relatives à l’environnement le 10 juin 1970.
Compte tenu du nombre de services et organismes intéressés et de la nécessité d’intégrer les diverses actions dans une politique cohérente, le gouvernement, par décret du 30 juillet 1970, institue un Haut Comité de l’environnement chargé de suivre l’application des mesures du programme. En parallèle, le 4 mars 1970 est créé, au ministère de l’Agriculture, une direction générale de la protection de la nature.
Mais le président juge que cette organisation n’est pas suffisante et il confie le rôle de coordinateur à Pierre Poujade, nommé ministre chargé de la Protection de la nature et de l’environnement. Pour bien marquer la vocation interministérielle de la nouvelle administration, le ministère est créé comme « délégué auprès du Premier ministre ».
La création de cette nouvelle institution s’inscrit alors dans la ligne politique suivie par le gouvernement de Jacques Chaban-Delmas en vue de concilier, dans un même mouvement, la croissance économique et l’épanouissement de la qualité de la vie. La lutte contre les nuisances, la protection de la nature, l’amélioration du cadre de vie, font désormais partie intégrante des grandes missions de l’État.
Les compétences du ministre sont larges (décret n° 71-94 du 2 février 1971). Il est désormais chargé de la protection de la nature et de l’environnement et la direction générale créée au ministère de l’Agriculture lui est rattachée. Il doit mener une large politique d’information et de formation, associer à son action les élus locaux, les responsables professionnels et les associations qui sont déjà engagées dans cette voie. Il contribue à définir, pour ce qui le concerne, la position de la France sur le plan international. Il a enfin à faciliter les innovations, les expériences et les recherches susceptibles de maintenir les équilibres biologiques, de concilier le développement industriel et la sauvegarde du milieu naturel, de rendre accessible à tous la nature ainsi protégée, d’améliorer la qualité du cadre de vie des Français dans leur travail et leurs loisirs.
À l’occasion de la nomination d’un nouveau gouvernement (5 avril 1973), Robert Poujade devient un ministre autonome ne dépendant plus du Premier ministre. Il dispose alors d’un budget propre et a la possibilité de recruter ses fonctionnaires.
Le rattachement à la qualité de la vie et à la culture (1974-1978)
De mai 1974 à mars 1977, l’environnement est rattaché à un tout nouveau ministère de la Qualité de la vie qui regroupe également la jeunesse, les sports, les loisirs et le tourisme. Durant cette période l’environnement va perdre en autonomie et en influence, changeant trois fois de ministre et deux fois de secrétaire d’État auprès du ministre.
De mars 1977 à avril 1978, l’environnement et la culture sont associées, sous l’autorité de Michel d’Ornano.
Une organisation stable
En dépit de changement de noms successifs, de titulaire et de rattachement au sein du gouvernement, l’administration de l’environnement est restée stable en ce qui concerne ses compétences. La structure héritée de l’organisation des services de 1973 subsiste jusqu’en 1978. Celle-ci se compose de trois principaux services :
- la direction de la prévention des pollutions et nuisances ;
- la direction de la protection de la nature ;
- la mission de l’environnement rural et urbain.
La fusion de l’environnement et de l’équipement (1978-1981)
La nomination le 5 avril 1978 d’un ministre de l’Environnement et du Cadre de vie regroupant l’équipement (construction, urbanisme) et l’environnement (pollution, protection de la nature), constitue une innovation. On a salué à cette occasion le mariage des aménageurs et des protecteurs. En réalité il s’agit d’un rattachement de l’environnement (délégué à un secrétaire d’État), au grand ministère de l’Équipement. Dès l’annonce de cette réforme, des voix s’élèvent pour exprimer les craintes que la fusion ne se transforme en absorption.
Ce changement se traduit également par une réorganisation importante de l’organigramme du ministère. Les compétences en matière de protection des sites et d’espaces verts relèvent désormais de la direction de l’urbanisme et des paysages. Plusieurs services de l’environnement fusionnent avec ceux de l’équipement : affaires internationales ; recherches et études ; information et relations avec les associations ; inspection générale.
La consolidation du ministère de l’Environnement (1981-2007)
Après l’élection de François Mitterrand à la présidence de la République, il était prévisible qu’une nouvelle réorganisation allait intervenir. Compte tenu de l’apport non négligeable des voix écologistes à la gauche, on pouvait s’attendre au maintien d’un ministère ayant un réel poids politique.
On assiste d’abord à nouveau à des hésitations dans le choix des rattachements : ministère autonome (1981-1983, 1984-1986), ministère rattaché à l’équipement (1986-1988) ou retour au Premier ministre (1983, 1988-1990), puis à une stabilisation à partir de 1991.
Les hésitations (1981-1990)
Le premier ministère de l’Environnement du gouvernement socialiste est confié à Michel Crépeau (1981-1983). Ses attributions sont précisées par le décret 81-684 du 5 juin 1981. C’est un retour à la situation d’un ministère autonome. Le grand ministère regroupant environnement et équipement a disparu. Les services transversaux créés en 1978 au moment de la fusion sont placés sous la tutelle du ministre de l’Équipement. Ces services, essentiels au fonctionnement du ministère de l’Environnement, sont déclarés mis à sa disposition (décret 81-648 du 5 juin 1981) : direction du personnel et de l’administration générale ; direction des affaires économiques et internationales ; direction de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme. Cette situation perdure jusqu’à la réorganisation du 23 décembre 1985 (décret n° 85-1384).
Après l’intermède d’un secrétariat d’État auprès du Premier ministre de mars 1983 à juillet 1984, l’environnement redevient ministère à part entière, à l’occasion du remplacement de Pierre Mauroy par Laurent Fabius à la tête du gouvernement le 17 juillet 1984.
Durant la période de cohabitation (1986-1988), Jacques Chirac choisit la formule d’un ministre délégué auprès du ministre de l’Équipement, chargé de l’Environnement.
Après la réélection du président François Mitterrand, le nouveau Premier ministre, Michel Rocard, exerce les attributions en matière d’environnement (décret 88-721 du 19 mai 1988). Il est assisté de Brice Lalonde, nommé secrétaire d’État chargé de l’Environnement auprès du Premier ministre. Celui-ci devient le 29 mars 1989 secrétaire d’État chargé de l’Environnement et de la Prévention des risques technologiques et naturels majeurs (décret 89-235 du 17 avril 1989).
La stabilisation (1991-1997)
En 1990, une vaste concertation nationale, le « plan vert », dresse un constat de l’état de l’environnement en France et permet au ministre de renforcer ses moyens : les crédits budgétaires doublent.
À partir de la promotion de Brice Lalonde comme ministre de l’Environnement d’Édith Cresson le 16 mai 1991, le ministère redevient autonome. Contrairement à la première cohabitation, celle de 1993 ne modifie pas la place du ministère.
Après l’élection de Jacques Chirac à la présidence de la République, le nouveau gouvernement d’Alain Juppé maintient la continuité avec un ministère de l’Environnement toujours autonome mais aux attributions largement élargies, confirmant ainsi l’extension progressive du poids de l’environnement dans les politiques publiques : la protection des paysages et des sites devient une responsabilité propre ; la sûreté des installations nucléaires devient une compétence partagée avec le ministère de l’Industrie. Le ministère renforce son rôle de tête de file interministériel.
La promotion (1997-2007)
Avec la nouvelle cohabitation entamée après la dissolution de l’Assemblée nationale de 1997, le gouvernement Jospin innove à double titre du fait de l’alliance entre les Verts et le Parti socialiste. Pour la première fois un ministre vert entre au gouvernement (Dominique Voynet en 1997 puis Yves Cochet en 2001). L’innovation institutionnelle consiste à réunir au sein d’un même ministère l’aménagement du territoire et l’environnement. Cette fusion est abandonnée en 2002 après la réélection de Jacques Chirac. Le ministère devient ministère de l’Écologie et du Développement durable.
En 2007, suite aux engagements de campagne du candidat Nicolas Sarkozy, le ministère de l’Écologie se voit attribuer de nouvelles compétences et absorbe les ministères de l’Équipement et des Transports et une partie du ministère de l’Industrie (compétences en matière d’énergie notamment).
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