1853
2010
Missions de l'Inspection générale
Dans les départements, l'inspecteur général fait état de la situation administrative de l'archiviste, des lois et règlements relatifs au service des Archives, du personnel éventuellement présent pour le seconder, des travaux réalisés en matière de publications sur le département et de classement des documents antérieurs à 1790 et en même temps des papiers modernes. Le matériel est également soumis à l'examen des inspecteurs généraux : l'état du local, le numérotage des travées, la formation des liasses, leur cote, l'estampillage des documents, l'état des cartons nécessaires à leur bonne conservation, la tenue des registres des communications, la vente des papiers inutiles, les acquisitions et les échanges, les inventaires. Toutes les améliorations susceptibles d'être apportées au fonctionnement du service sont l'objet de rapports des inspecteurs généraux en tournée. Ces renseignements, ajoutés à ceux fournis par la correspondance administrative et les rapports annuels des préfets et des archivistes, permettent, au besoin, de susciter des mesures urgentes qui seront appliquées par les préfets.
Dans les communes, les inspecteurs généraux s'informent de l'existence de documents antérieurs à 1790, de leur état de classement, de l'application des prescriptions des circulaires administratives, de la pratique des destructions, de la communication des documents pour quel type d'administrés ou d'érudits et, enfin, de l'état d'avancement des travaux de rédaction d'inventaires sommaires. Les rapports des inspecteurs généraux sont adressés au ministre et donnent lieu à une correspondance avec les préfets, chargés de faire appliquer les recommandations des inspecteurs auprès des maires.
Dans les hôpitaux et hospices, les inspecteurs généraux procèdent à la même inspection des archives qui, par ailleurs, sont soumises aux mêmes règles générales.
A partir de 1887 (arrêté du 18 mai), les compétences des inspecteurs généraux sont étendues aux Archives nationales.
·1853 : création de l'inspection générale des Archives au ministère de l'Intérieur
L'opinion qu'une inspection générale serait d'une grande utilité pour constater l'état des dépôts d'archives, leur importance relative, et aussi pour encourager et diriger d'une manière immédiate les travaux qui s'y exécutent, est bien antérieure à la date de création, en 1853, de l'inspection générale des Archives. Après une première tentative, en 1829, c'est le rapport au roi, présenté par le comte Duchâtel, ministre de l'Intérieur, et publié en 1841, qui constitue le premier jalon de la création des inspecteurs généraux des Archives départementales, communales, hospitalières et des Bibliothèques administratives. Le ministre de l'Intérieur s'y exprime ainsi : "Dans les premiers temps d'un travail qui s'organise ou s'exécute, il m'avait paru utile de pouvoir le faire surveiller et diriger par des agents spéciaux de l'autorité centrale, accrédités à cet effet (...)".
A noter :
En 1828, le ministre de l'Intérieur, Martignac, charge Jean Alexandre Buchon (1791-1846) d'une mission d'inspection des archives et des bibliothèques. Nommé inspecteur des archives du Royaume le 1er août 1829, il est révoqué le 22 septembre suivant.
Le comte Duchâtel (ministre de l'Intérieur), Rapport au Roi, 8 mai 1841.
Malgré l'avis favorable de la commission centrale des Archives et du sous-secrétaire d'Etat, M. Antoine Passy, l'institution des inspections générales n'est pas mise en œuvre par suite du refus de la Chambre d'accorder les subsides nécessaires. Il faut attendre 1853 pour que le comte de Persigny, ministre de l'Intérieur, décide d'accroître l'action de l'administration centrale en chargeant trois inspecteurs généraux, anciens élèves de l'Ecole des Chartes et archivistes paléographes, de cette mission qui devait concerner toutes les branches du service des Archives départementales. L'inspection générale des Archives départementales est constituée par le décret du 21 juillet 1853 portant organisation du ministère de l'Intérieur ; elle est avec les Archives des préfectures, celles des communes, des hospices et les bibliothèques administratives, une des attributions du Bureau spécial des Archives départementales. Les inspecteurs généraux sont nommés par le ministre.
A noter : Champollion-Figeac (Aimé), Manuel de l'archiviste des préfectures, des mairies et des hospices. Paris, 1860, pp. 131-142.
·1884 : transfert de l'inspection générale des Archives au ministère de l'Instruction publique et fusion avec l'inspection générale des Bibliothèques
Par le décret du 21 mars 1884, le service des archives départementales, communales et hospitalières, et le service d'inspection qui s'y rattache, sont distraits du ministère de l'Intérieur et transférés au ministère de l'Instruction publique auquel ressortissaient déjà les Archives nationales. Cette réforme aboutit à la fusion de l'inspection générale des archives et l'inspection générale des bibliothèques puis, en mars 1887, au rattachement du bureau des Archives départementales au secrétariat des Archives nationales.
Avec la création, en 1897, de la direction des Archives au sein du ministère de l'Instruction publique, les attributions du bureau des Archives départementales passent à la direction des Archives.
·1945 : l'inspection générale des Archives se spécialise à nouveau
Lors de la création de la direction des Bibliothèques et de la lecture publique en 1945, l'inspection générale des Archives en est distraite et retrouve sa spécialisation. C'est à la même époque que le bureau des Archives départementales, détaché du secrétariat des Archives nationales, devient le service technique de la Direction des Archives de France.
A noter : Décret du 13 septembre 1945.
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