5 mai 1945
Missions de l'Ordre des pharmaciens :
Le rôle de l'ordre dépend étroitement des attributions qui lui sont dévolues par le Code de la Santé publique. On peut distinguer des attributions correspondant à la mission même de l'ordre et des attributions dérivées de l'idée que l'ordre est représentatif de la profession dans son domaine d'activité. L'ordre, au premier chef, a pour tâche de veiller à ce que les pharmaciens satisfassent aux conditions de " moralité " et de " légalité professionnelle " dont le Code de la Santé publique fait deux conditions d'exercice de la profession. Pour ce faire, l'ordre rédige un Code de déontologie et se trouve habilité à prendre des mesures de nature individuelle tant lors de l'accès à la profession que, par la suite, lorsque la pharmacien exerce une activité déterminée. L'accès à la profession est réglementé par la procédure de l'inscription au tableau de l'ordre, l'inscription étant la condition légale d'exercice de la pharmacie. Le pharmacien en activité est passible de poursuites disciplinaires devant les conseils de l'ordre.
Parmi les attributions dévolues à l'ordre par le législateur, il en est certaines que l'on peut rattacher au pouvoir de représentation qui lui est reconnu ; d'autres ont un caractère plus interne ou bien encore résultent d'une initiative de l'ordre lui-même qui a tenu à participer à certaines activités d'intérêt général. Le pouvoir de représentation est expressément inscrit dans la loi en ce qui concerne le Conseil national, sous réserve que ce soit pour des affaires relevant de son domaine d'activité : il en va implicitement de même pour les autres conseils, chacun dans les matières ressortissant de sa compétence. Ce pouvoir de représentation s'exerce, selon le cas, soit devant les tribunaux, soit auprès des autorités publiques ou d'organismes divers. L'ordre joue ainsi un rôle auprès d'organismes internationaux : la Fédération internationale pharmaceutique (FIP), deux groupements professionnels représentatifs auprès de la Commission des Communautés européennes au sein desquels le Conseil suit l'évolution des problèmes de l'harmonisation des législations.
Le Conseil national a également vocation à s'occuper des questions d'entraide et de solidarité professionnelle (sinistres, retraites). En ce qui concerne les retraites, le Conseil a promu en 1948-1949 la création d'une Caisse d'assurance vieillesse pour les pharmaciens non salariés. Au titre de la solidarité, il a institué un " fonds catastrophe ". Au plan de l'entraide, il secourt par des allocations les pharmaciens et leur famille. Il participe en outre par une subvention au fonctionnement de l'association qui gère le " Home du pharmacien " (maison de retraite et de repos) dont il avait lui-même directement assumé la gestion jusqu'en 1972.
De plus, le Conseil national est chargé de la distribution des carnets à souche destinés à l'achat des substances du tableau B. Il a également mis en place avec l'accord du ministère un service " enveloppe d'alerte " pour faire suspendre la délivrance d'un produit dangereux.
L'ordre est, par ailleurs, à l'origine de la création d'un Comité d'éducation sanitaire et sociale (CESSPF) qui depuis 1977 fonctionne en tant que commission de travail du Conseil national et se tient en liaison avec le Comité français d'éducation pour la santé (CFES). L'ordre est membre de l'Association EPU-Pharma, association pour l'enseignement post-universitaire. Le Conseil national a été l'un des quatre fondateurs du Centre national de pharmacovigilance. Dans le cadre des Journées pharmaceutiques françaises, l'ordre organise des conférences sur des sujets d'actualité professionnelles et d'intérêt général. Enfin, l'ordre met à la disposition de ses membres une très importante structure de conseil et d'information, notamment en matière juridique et sociale.
L'Ordre national des pharmaciens créé par l'ordonnance du 5 mai 1945 regroupe l'ensemble des pharmaciens habilités à exercer leur art dans les départements métropolitains et les départements et territoires d'outre-mer.
Le besoin d'organisation de la profession était ressenti depuis longtemps car, en l'absence de réglementation, la concurrence entre les pharmaciens d'officine était devenue très vive, entraînant une lutte commerciale aux conséquences désastreuses. La loi du 21 germinal an XI (11 avril 1803) était devenue insuffisante face à l'apparition des spécialités, mais seuls quelques points en avaient été amendés sans que la nécessaire réforme de fond ait eu lieu. A la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, divers projets de réforme de la législation étaient à l'étude. On peut noter la proposition de loi, déposée à la Chambre des députés le 28 novembre 1928 par Édouard Barthe, prévoyant " dans chaque département, un ordre des pharmaciens administré par un conseil départemental ayant compétence pour appliquer des sanctions disciplinaires, avec possibilité d'appel devant un conseil régional et, au-dessus de tous, un Conseil supérieur national, fixant les règles de la déontologie professionnelle ". Les pharmaciens, en réponse à une consultation organisée en 1939 par Paul Métadier à l'aide de La lettre pharmaceutique, se montrèrent largement favorables à la création d'un ordre. En 1940, Augustin Damiens, doyen de la faculté de pharmacie de Paris, fut chargé d'établir un double projet de création d'un ordre des pharmaciens et d'une loi sur l'exercice de la pharmacie. Ce rapport fut présenté au Conseil d'État le 1 eraoût 1941 au nom des facultés de pharmacie.
La profession fut organisée par la loi du 11 septembre 1941 qui ne retenait pas grand chose du rapport Damiens, mais, cependant, parlait d'une " organisation professionnelle " et surtout, fixait les règles relatives à l'exercice de la pharmacie : le monopole, l'institution de la limitation du nombre des officines, avec rachat de celles en surnombre, la création d'un tarif national obligatoire, la réglementation de la publicité, celle de la fabrication et de la vente en gros des produits pharmaceutiques, la réorganisation de l'inspection et enfin la suppression du diplôme d'herboriste. La loi créait une chambre professionnelle de type corporatif, dirigée par un Conseil supérieur de la pharmacie.
Dès le 15 septembre 1944, une ordonnance rétablit les organisations syndicales des pharmaciens dans les droits et les attributions qu'elles détenaient au moment de leur dissolution. Toute la partie de la loi de 1941 relative à la " police " de la pharmacie fut conservée et devint loi du 11 septembre 1941, validée et modifiée par l'ordonnance du 23 mai 1945 sur l'exercice de la pharmacie. En revanche, l'ordonnance du 5 mai 1945 constatait la nullité du titre II, relatif à l'organisation professionnelle, et créa un Ordre des pharmaciens. Elle consacra la séparation des pouvoirs : d'un côté le pouvoir moral de l'ordre, de l'autre la défense des intérêts matériels par les syndicats. Le législateur confiait à l'ordre la mission de service public d'organisation et de contrôle de l'exercice de la profession.
L'exercice de la profession est subordonné à l'inscription au tableau de l'ordre. A sa création, l'ordre comportait quatre sections : A pour les pharmaciens d'officine, B pour les fabricants, C pour les répartiteurs et D pour toutes les autres catégories (biologistes, hospitaliers et assistants). La section E (pharmaciens des DOM) a été créée en 1948, la section F (pharmaciens des TOM) en 1953 et la section G (biologistes) date de la loi du 11 juillet 1975 sur la biologie. Un tableau spécial des pharmaciens français exerçant à l'étranger fonctionna également. L'inscription à ce tableau ne conditionnait pas l'exercice de la profession qui dépendait des législations particulières à chaque pays.
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