1475
1834
Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid (España). Salas de lo Criminal. Escribanía de López Julián
Escribanía de cámara de López Julián
En el cumplimiento de sus funciones, las escribanías de lo Criminal produjeron varios tipos documentales que se pueden agrupar por una parte, en los expedientes derivados de la actividad de las salas de lo Criminal (pleitos fenecidos, olvidados y depositados, presentaciones, sentencias y consultas), y por otra, en los libros de control de dicha documentación y de funcionamiento interno de la propias oficinas de las escribanías. Dichas escribanías han sido denominadas desde la formación del archivo histórico según el nombre del escribano que ejercía el oficio en el momento de la extinción de las escribanías en el año 1834.
- Pleitos fenecidos, olvidados y depositados:
Los pleitos fenecidos eran aquellos que tenían una sentencia definitiva, ya hubiera sido promulgada en grado de vista o de revista, en caso de que la anterior hubiese sido apelada. De dichas sentencias definitivas se podía expedir carta ejecutoria o bien provisión real para ejecución de la sentencia. Por el contrario, los pleitos olvidados no tenían sentencia definitiva, pudiendo no tener ninguna sentencia interlocutoria, o en caso de tener una sentencia de vista, ésta se habría apelado pero no se llegó a sentenciar en revista. Los motivos por los que el pleito no era seguido por las partes podían ser variados, como el desistimiento de alguna de éstas o, por lo común, el arreglo entre aquellas motivado por la carestía del litigio. Tanto los pleitos fenecidos como en menor medida los olvidados, eran transferidos al archivo de la institución, pasando a ser de titularidad de este último.
Los pleitos depositados eran aquellos existentes en las escribanías a los que se les había dado sentencia de vista y, habiéndose apelado, habían quedado en suspenso sin haberse seguido la instancia de revista durante diez años. De esta manera, las escribanías los transferían al archivo de la institución en calidad de depósito, reservándose su titularidad.
- Presentaciones y sentencias:
Las presentaciones son los expedientes derivados de la presentación por parte de las partes litigantes en la escribanía de las peticiones diversas a lo largo de la tramitación de los pleitos. Por otra parte, los escribanos debían conservar las sentencias originales de los pleitos en la escribanía, insertando sus traslados en los procesos.
- Consultas:
Las justicias ordinarias de la jurisdicción de la Chancillería, en el ejercicio de sus competencias criminales, podían solicitar a la Chancillería apoyo jurídico en causas complejas o graves, que deban lugar a la formación de expedientes de consulta.
- Libros de control de la documentación y de funcionamiento interno:
Los libros de control documental reflejan el control que los escribanos realizaban sobre los pleitos y expedientes que se tramitaban en sus escribanías, fundamentalmente en los pleitos que se transferían al archivo de la institución, y en la documentación que obraba en la propia escribanía. A su vez, los libros de funcionamiento interno reflejan el control de las distintas fases de la tramitación y resolución de los pleitos, en lo que se refiere a la vida del proceso en sí como a las relaciones de los distintos oficiales de la Chancillería con la escribanía. Reflejan también el control por las escribanías de las sanciones y multas a las partes litigantes, y la contabilidad de las propias escribanías
Los escribanos de cámara de la Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid eran quizá el oficio de más importancia de los que ejercían en dicho tribunal. En torno a sus oficinas giraba toda la tramitación de los pleitos y expedientes que se sustentaban, actuando también a modo de coordinación de los jueces con el resto de oficiales.
Ya en las ordenanzas de la Chancillería de Valladolid de Córdoba (1485), Piedrahita (1486), y de Medina del Campo (1489), se da la primera regulación del oficio. Así, en las de Córdoba, en su capítulo 30, se establece que en la Audiencia debía haber 20 escribanos, de nombramiento real. En la de Piedrahita, en su capítulo 35, se establece igualmente el número en 20, también nombrados por el rey, llegándoles a enumerar y nombrar en el capítulo 37. Finalmente, en las de Medina del Campo se sigue estableciendo el número en 20 nombrados por el rey. Asimismo los escribanos del Crimen junto a los alcaldes, alguaciles, escribanos de provincia y carceleros, van a contar con ordenanzas propias y específicas, otorgadas por el rey Carlos I el 13 de noviembre de 1519.
Desde el siglo XVI se procedió de forma generalizada en la administración castellana a la venta de oficios, entre los que se incluían las escribanías de cámara. De esta forma, este oficio pasó a tener carácter venal, siendo desempeñado muchas veces por escribanos que no tenían el oficio en propiedad, y pasando a estar vinculado a familias concretas. Desde comienzos del siglo XVI, la única sala de lo Criminal, a la que se sumará la de Hijosdalgo desde el año 1771, va a contar con tres escribanías.
A finales del siglo XVIII, mediante órdenes reales de 24 de junio de 1797 y 5 de septiembre de 1798, se trata de la incorporación de los oficios enajenados de la Corona. Los dueños y tenientes de los mismos deberían presentar al Gobernador del Consejo de Hacienda, José Godoy, los títulos de pertenencia y ejercicio para dejar la propiedad a aquellos que se estimara justo, mediante la confirmación de los mismos con el abono de una determinada cantidad. Como regla general se confirmaron en sus oficios a la mayoría de sus ocupantes, incluidos los escribanos de cámara.
Todos los escribanos de cámara, de forma rotatoria, se constituían en escribanos semaneros de la sala de la que dependían. De esta forma, durante una semana desempeñaban funciones administrativas de la sala y de canalización de documentos a otras escribanías de su sala. Por otra parte, el escribano más antiguo de las salas del Crimen era el escribano del Gobierno del Crimen, que daba forma escrita y certificación a los actos de gobierno y administración del citado Gobierno del Crimen.
Los escribanos de cámara desempeñaban normalmente su oficio en sus propias casas, en donde conservaban todos los libros, pleitos y expedientes que tramitaban hasta su transferencia al archivo de la institución. Para el desempeño de su oficio contaban con la ayuda de varios oficiales y escribanos.
En todas las ordenanzas, especialmente en las de 1519, se incluyen cláusulas sobre las funciones y práctica de los escribanos, aunque es en las recopilaciones de las ordenanzas de la Chancillería, especialmente en las del año 1566, donde se muestra un repertorio amplio de las funciones y prácticas de los escribanos del Crimen, promulgadas y derivadas también de diversos autos y visitas producidas anteriormente.
Así, en la Recopilación de las Ordenanzas de la Real Audiencia y Chancillería del año 1566, en su libro segundo, título cuarto, De los escribanos de la Audiencia, y del crimen, y otros jueces, se trata sobre el oficio y sus funciones y cometidos. Los puntos más importantes que dan cuenta de la función, práctica y características del oficio son los siguientes:
- Los interesados en ser escribanos de cámara de la Audiencia, debían haber desempeñado el oficio de escribano anteriormente (real, de número, de juzgado, etc.) durante un período mínimo de tres años, y no habían de tomar regalos ni cobrar por los interrogatorios de los testigos.
En el contexto de la tramitación de los diversos asuntos, los escribanos prestaban los procesos o partes de éstos a los diversos oficiales, principalmente a los abogados y procuradores de las partes.
- Debían reflejar en el proceso, de forma extensa y detallada, los derechos que había cobrado, bajo pena de que se les aplicara diversas sanciones pecuniarias, una vez supervisados por el tasador.
- Debían poner en el dorso de las ejecutorias los derechos que habían cobrado por su confección y registro.
- Las peticiones realizadas por una de las partes, las debían notificar al procurador de la parte contraria.
- Los escribanos debían guardar las escrituras originales y los poderes de las partes fuera de los procesos, insertando en éstos sus traslados.
- A los acuerdos debían asistir todos los escribanos de la audiencia.
- Los días de Audiencia Pública, los escribanos deben estar al menos media hora antes para comprobar los poderes de los procuradores de las partes.
- Promulgadas las sentencias, debían dar traslado de éstas a las partes que lo pidieren, cobrando el arancel.
- Los pleitos y negocios tramitados por los escribanos debían serles repartidos por el repartidor de pleitos de la Chancillería.
- La sala del pleito era hecha por el escribano del pleito, ya que en esta sala se debía de ver y determinar el pleito.
- Semanalmente dos escribanos debían inspeccionar los registros de la Chancillería para controlar que ningún escribano había tomado algún asunto ilegalmente.
- Los escribanos no debían recibir escrituras estando ya concluso el pleito, salvo si la parte o su procurador juraren que no habían tenido conocimiento de la escritura hasta ese momento
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